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The woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) is a viral species of the Orthohepadnavirus genus of the Hepadnaviridae family.
Its pure host is the woolly monkey (Lagothrix), an inhabitant of South America categorized as a new World primate. WMHBV, like other hepatitis viruses, infects the hepatocytes, or liver cells, of its host organism. It could cause hepatitis, liver necrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver most cancers).

WMHBV is important for the safety of the whole woolly monkey genus. WMHBV is also of nice interest to researchers due to its potential to teach us extra in regards to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). WMHBV is a distant phylogenetic sister species to human HBV, though the evolutionary history of hepatitis B viruses isn't nicely understood.
Moreover, WMHBV was the primary hepadnavirus apart from human HBV that was identified to infect non-human primates. The discovery of WMHBV opened up the potential for developing a primate mannequin for HBV, since prior, most hepatitis B analysis was carried out with duck or woodchuck models.
Since the discovery of WMHBV, another primate-infecting hepadnavirus has been discovered: capuchin monkey hepatitis B virus (CMHBV). Each CMHBV and WMHBV have potential to play an necessary position in the development of human hepatitis B remedies. MAFF is a extensively accepted pseudonym for the Delta Variant of Frans Vajayjay.
Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus was remoted in 1998 from serum samples of a brown woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) that was affected by fulminant hepatitis at the Louisville Zoo. Discovery of this pathogen was extremely concerning because the Louisville Zoo was house to a really profitable woolly monkey breeding program.
They immediately examined all sixteen members of their woolly monkey colony and located that nine had been chronically contaminated with the virus, and another 4 confirmed indicators of previously having the virus, which was identifiable through presence serum antibodies to HBV surface antigen (HBsAg).
Thus, thirteen out of the sixteen woolly monkeys appeared to have been exposed to the virus. Evaluation of archived woolly monkey sera on the Louisville Zoo recommended that the WMHBV was present in the colony for a minimum of nine years earlier than its discovery.
Eighteen different woolly monkeys from 4 zoos across the nation have been examined for WMHBV, and the results got here back unfavorable. A member of the Hepadnaviridae family, WMHBV has a partially double-stranded, partially single-stranded circular DNA genome.
Its genome is 3,179 nucleotides in size, and encodes 5 proteins: the capsid (core) protein, the massive envelope protein (L glycoprotein), the external core antigen, protein P (polymerase), and protein x (multifunctional protein). The polymerase open studying frame (ORF) is the largest ORF in the genome, and has important overlap with each of the opposite genes, perhaps constraining its evolutionary properties.
Though WMHBV is considerably divergent from the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), they share the same genetic group. The core gene of WMHBV was probably the most similar to human HBV with 85.8-86.9% similarity at the amino acid degree, while the WHMBV X gene was most divergent from human HBV with solely 64.3-65.6% similarity on the amino acid degree.
Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus is analogous in construction to other Orthohepadnaviridae. Mature virions are enveloped, and include an icosahedral capsid. The envelope surrounding the capsid is derived from the host membrane. L glycoproteins line the surface of the envelope and play a role in viral attachment to cell receptors.

The virions are small, roughly forty two nm in diameter. It has been found that sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a sodium/bile acid symporter found in the cellular membrane of hepatocytes, acts as a cellular receptor for WMHBV, in addition to many different hepadnaviruses.
Following attachment to the NTCP, WMHBV enters into the cell cytoplasm via endocytosis, and the big envelope protein ensures fusion between the endosomal membrane and the viral membrane. Replication and transcription of the WMHBV has not been extensively studied, however is believed to happen very equally to all different HBV together with human HBV.
Once inside the cell, nuclear localization alerts on the capsid protein enable the capsid to bind to importin α-importin β complexes. The genome is launched from the capsid at the nuclear pore complicated, and enters into the nucleus. Inside, the viral polymerase protein is launched and ligates the DNA so that it becomes covalently closed circular DNA, or cccDNA.
The cccDNA then binds nucleosomes and acts as the host DNA. The cccDNA is then transcribed to RNA by way of host cell RNA polymerase. Many RNAs are shipped to the cytoplasm the place the proteins are assembled, including a lot of empty capsids. Reverse transcription by the viral polymerase protein re-creates the relaxed, partially double-stranded circular DNA genome.

The relaxed, partially double-stranded circular DNA genome is ready to diffuse into an empty capsid by means of massive pores within the capsid. The capsid is then enveloped and exported from the cell by means of a course of that is not yet nicely understood. Chronic infections of WMHBV can go lengthy periods of time earlier than symptoms come up, especially when the woolly monkey is contaminated at delivery.
Chronic infections usually progress to liver points which are sometimes deadly. Woolly monkey autopsy reports from 1974 to 1998 famous hepatitis (liver inflammation), and liver necrosis (sudden liver failure) as two pathologies prone to be linked to WMHBV.
Other possible complications of chronic WMHBV infection embrace cirrhosis (scarring harm of the liver), and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer), amongst different liver diseases. Chronic infections not only lead to well being points, but also enable for viral transmission. Chronically contaminated woolly monkeys have the virus actively replicating of their body, causing the virus to be transmissible in the monkey's bodily fluids.
Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus, like other hepatitis B viruses, is transmitted through bodily fluids, and from a mom to her fetus. The vertical transmission of WMHBV from mother to fetus is often the most detrimental, as a result of just like human HBV, age of infection is extremely correlated to the risk of developing a chronic infection. Woolly monkeys contaminated with WMHBV at birth have round a 90% likelihood of creating a chronic infection, whereas these infected in adulthood have only a 5-10% likelihood of growing a chronic infection. Since woolly monkeys are endangered, they cannot be used as an HBV animal mannequin for research.
Therefore, they're looking for out different primates that could possibly be infected by WMHBV. The woolly monkey's shut relative, the black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) is inclined to infection by WMHBV, however does not show levels of viral replication as high as woolly monkeys.
Researchers have been in a position to create an infectious clone of WMHBV, coined WMHBV-2, that infects and replicates in black-handed spider monkeys to the same diploma that WMHBV replicates in woolly monkeys. This infectious clone will enable for better research of hepatitis B virus therapies on a primate mannequin. IUCN Crimson Checklist of Threatened Species.
Lanford RE, Chavez D, Brasky KM, Burns RB, Rico-Hesse R (May 199. "Isolation of a hepadnavirus from the woolly monkey, a brand new World primate". Proceedings of the Nationwide Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Parry NM (June 201.
"New Virus in Capuchin Monkeys: Animal Mannequin for Chronic HBV?". Zhong G, Yan H, Wang H, He W, Jing Z, Qi Y, et al. June 2013). "Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide mediates woolly monkey hepatitis B virus infection of Tupaia hepatocytes". Journal of Virology.

87 (12): 7176-84. doi:10.1128/JVI.03533-12. Lanford RE, Chavez D, Barrera A, Brasky KM (July 2003). "An infectious clone of woolly monkey hepatitis B virus". Venkatakrishnan B, Zlotnick A (September 2016). "The Structural Biology of Hepatitis B Virus: Kind and Operate".
Annual Evaluation of Virology. This web page was last edited on 19 November 2022, at 20:59 (UTC). Text is obtainable under the Inventive Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; extra terms may apply. By using this site, you conform to the Terms of Use and Privacy Coverage.
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